often make corrections of historical
chronology
necessary, just like incorrect
chronologies may
prevent discoveries from being
made.6) Imhotep
and
Joseph have always been identified by
local
tradition in Egypt.7) This was carefully
traced
back in the recent work of a German Egyptologist,
who,
nevertheless, fails to even consider
the
possibility of their actual identity on account
of
the tremendous time gap in
accepted chrono-
logy.8)
As a rule of thumb, however, place names
and local
traditions usually give broad hints for
correct identifications.
––––––––––––––
6) See TORAH OF THE
ALPHABET (N. 1) pp. 48
and
100–107, giving a
preliminary report of the final results
(Ibid.
p. 19); as well as Ed Metzler,
Discovering the Three-Dimensional
Structure of the
Ten Commandments, (Herborn 1986) Note
10;
and Idem, Alphabetical Order (N.
2) Note 44.
7) To this very day the Joseph River canal (Baher Youssouf)
recalls the
name of the favorite son of Israel, who became the great
prime
minister and chief architect of pharaoh Zoser saving
Egypt
from starvation. Likewise, his name stuck to
the so-called Prison
of Joseph (Siggen
Youssouf), a former Imhotep temple
(below
Note 8), that was destroyed by using
its stones for building the
citadel of Cairo, as Ibn
Gubair reports.
8) Cf. Dietrich Wildung, Imhotep und
Amenhotep, Gott-
werdung im alten Ägypten
(München 1977) p. 122, who assumes
that Imhotep
was supplanted by Joseph (Youssouf ibn
Ya‘qoub)
“at an undefinable point in history” with the
advent of Christianity
or Islam, but ignores completely the large Greek-speaking Jewish
[7]
§
4. Imhotep and Joseph is one and the same
historical
personality shared by both Israel and
Egypt,
who have been neighbors throughout the
ages, as France and Germany have
Charlemagne
(Latin “Carolus Magnus”)
or “Karl der Große”
in common, who
connects their histories.9)
As
Charles is French for German Karl, Joseph is
the
Hebrew equivalent of Imhotep. For the
original
form of Joseph is Jehoseph spelled IHOSEP,
and
Imhotep may also be spelled IHOTEP, so that the
––––––––––––––
population of Ptolemaic Egypt, for whom Ptolemy II
Philadelphus
had the biblical story of
Joseph translated by the Septuagint in
the
first half of the third century before the
Christian era. Hence
the identification of Joseph with
Imhotep in Christian and Muslim
literature
(Idem pp. 110–123) must date
back to the Ptolemies,
who promoted his
cult by building temples for
Imhotep-Joseph
near the Serapeum north of
Sakkara, and on the island of Philae
(Idem
pp.
48 and 149–172).
9) As an integrating
figure Imhotep was welcome
in
Ptolemaic Egypt, whose policy
was directed at assimilating its
Greek, Jewish, and Egyptian
populations, for Egyptians worshipped
him as
the father of pyramid
building, Jews remembered him
under the
name of Joseph as the favorite son of Israel, and
Greeks
identified him as Imouthes with
Aesculapius or Serapis (Talmud,
Av. Zar.
43a) in his eponymous temple near the Serapeum.
This
gave rise to Hermetic philosophy, correctly
tracing the history of
Greek arts and sciences to Solomonic Israel and its
Torah of Moses
from the Sinai, which
in turn leads back to Joseph or
Imhotep,
a student of Hermes
Trismegistus or Thoth, the moon god
of
wisdom, who had his temple at Hermoupolis
Magna between the
Nile and the Joseph River
canal, cf. Wildung (N. 8) pp.
88–109.
[8]
only remaining phonetic difference is the
dental
fricative “s” instead of the
dental plosive “t”,
which is as
slight a sound change in linguistic
history as
Karl becoming Charles.10) But not
only
the name is identical, also the story of Imhotep
or
Joseph from the sources of third-dynasty
Egypt
down to the present Muslim
era matches his
biblical story, as retold
in the twelfth sura of
the Koran.11)
§
5. Among the children of Israel the favorite
of his father
Jacob, Joseph was sold into slavery
by his brothers
(Genesis 37). In Egypt he rose
to the
rank of prime minister under
pharaoh
Zoser by interpreting his dreams,
and advising
him how to handle a seven years’
famine.12) He
––––––––––––––
10) While an “h” between vowels is
frequently elided in
Hebrew, it is retained in Psalms 81, 6 reading IHOSEP
(Jehoseph)
instead of Joseph. The inscription on the
sixth-dynasty mastaba
tomb of Uni at
Abydos mentions the “IHOTEP Gate”
in the
Memphis area, where Imhotep
is
spelled without the usual “m”,
cf. Wildung (N.
8) pp. 15 and 16.
11) According to a third-dynasty inscription on the base of
a statue
of pharaoh Zoser, his prime minister and high priest
of
Heliopolis Imhotep held the same position to
which Joseph had
been appointed (Genesis 41, 40–45), see
Wildung (N. 8) pp. 5–10.
12) Cf. Genesis 41, 1–39.
[9]
was married by the pharaoh with Asenath,
the
daughter of the high priest of Heliopolis
“On”,
whom he succeeded
(Genesis 41, 45).13)
As
chief architect Joseph built for pharaoh
Zoser
the step pyramid in Sakkara near Memphis, and
was
remembered and worshipped as the inventor
of stone architecture,
especially in his temple
north of Sakkara known as the
Prison
of Joseph
(Siggen Youssouf).14) The
Ptolemaic famine stele
at Sehel is conspicuous by the
similarity of its
text with the story of
Joseph, as told in the
Bible (Genesis
39–50), identifying his god El
(short
for Ayil “ram”) with the
ram-headed
Egyptian god Chnum.15)
––––––––––––––
13) Applying the same sound change as in Imhotep-Joseph
to the
name of his wife Asenath yields “Athena”, and,
indeed, it
contains the name of the
Egyptian goddess Neith, commonly
identified
with the Greek goddess of wisdom, a
fitting spouse
(Ba‘alat “Pallas”) for
Imhotep-Joseph after his deification as god
of wisdom and son of
the Memphitic Ptah (Greek “Hephaestus”),
whence the
Hebrew Pessach “Passover” holidays (Exodus 34, 25)
in
remembrance of Israel’s survival and
liberation in a volcanic
catastrophe (cf. Note27 infra).
14) The grave of Imhotep-Joseph is
in Shechem, Israel,
where he was reburied (Joshua 24, 32), cf. Ed
Metzler, Discovering
the Mosaical Roots
of Kabbalah, (Herborn 1988) Note35.
15) See Wildung (N. 8) pp. 149–152. Joseph’s god
“L” (El)
[10]
B. The Greek Tradition of
Identifying the
Builders of the Labyrinth with
the
12 Tribes (Dodecarchs) of Israel
§
6. The large Greek-speaking Jewish popu-
lation of Ptolemaic Egypt, who caused
the Bible
tranlation of the Septuagint, as well as the Jews
who
came to Egypt with the prophet Jeremiah
after
the destruction of the First Temple
in
Jerusalem, and later as members of the
Jewish
military colony of Elephantine, who
defended
the southern frontier of the Persian empire from
a
fort
near Asswan, where their Aramaic papyri
were found, must have been well informed
about
the contributions of their ancestors to
Egyptian
culture.16) They
were probably interviewed by
Herodotus
about what he had seen on his trip
––––––––––––––
may be rendered in Egyptian, which has no “L”, either by
trans-
literation as “Re” – like London becomes
Rondon in Japanese –
or by literal translation as Chnum “potter” or
“Creator”, depicted
as a ram (El) working at a potter’s lathe
(Yotzer).
16) At the beginning of the Roman period, Egyptian Jewry
is estimated
at1/8 of the entire population, cf.
E. Bickermann,
in the Encyclopaedia Judaica, vol. 1 (1928) at
1119.
[11]
while travelling up the Nile as far south as
the
outpost of Elephantine.17) What impressed
him
more than the Greek temples and the pyramids
was
the labyrinth in front of the Hawara pyramid,
and the huge
man-made lake which drains the
irrigation canals in
the oasis of Fayoum.18)
§
7. The builders of the labyrinth, Herodotus
was told, were
the twelve “Dodecarchs”, who
founded a
federal republic with a constitution
after
their liberation from Egypt, and
whose
dodecarchy ended in monarchy, when
one of
them became king of Egypt, who drank out
of
a brazen vessel in the temple.19) The mysterious
Dodecarchs, who
built the Hawara pyramid and
its famous labyrinth for pharaoh
Amenemhet III
at the end of the Middle
Kingdom, can neither
––––––––––––––
17) Around 460 B. C. E. Herodotus
visited Elephantine,
and turned back at the
first cataract (Histories, II, 29). He inter-
viewed Egyptians and
other
inhabitants of the land (Ibid., II, 147),
namely the Jews of
Elephantine whose papyri date from this time.
18) Idem, Histories, II,
148–150. See below Note23.
19) Ibid. Herodotus reports faithfully what
he was told,
without understanding that his
informers were talking about the
liberation of the twelve tribes of Israel.
Manetho afterwards heard
the same story, and
understood it even less (cf. Note 22 infra).
[12]
be traced in Egyptian nor in Greek
history,20)
– but
in the history of the people of
Israel,
whose standard epithet in the
Greek language
is the ; Twelve-Tribe
Republic, long after the
tribal structure had
disappeared. Evidently, the
Greek-speaking Jews of
Elephantine used the
same language as Saint Paul did some
500 years
later, when he called the twelve “Dodecarchs”
of
Herodotus “our Dodecaphylon” or
Twelve-Tribe
Nation (The Acts 26, 7).21)
––––––––––––––
20) This is the negative result of a recent monograph
on
the subject by Kimball Armayor,
Herodotus’ Autopsy of the
Fayoum: Lake
Moeris and the Labyrinth of Egypt
(Amsterdam
1985)
p. 134. However, a serious scholarly shortcoming of
this
book is its omission of a very pertinent
work of Graeco-Jewish
literature known as the New Testament with its “twelve
apostles”
corresponding to the Twelve Tribes
of Israel (Saint Luke 6, 13;
and James 1, 1),
renowned for their Exodus from Egypt, which
is
mentioned by Herodotus (Histories, VII, 89), when he
speaks
of the Jews correctly as those
Phoenicians who, by their own
account (Haggadah),
migrated to Canaan from the Red
Sea,
cf. Ed Metzler, Alphabetical Order
(N. 2) Note 4.
21) The breastplate of Agamemnon with
its “12 bands
of gold” should
have reminded Armayor (N. 20) p.
63 of the
breastplate of the
high priest in Jerusalem with
ist twelve
precious stones, one for each
of the Twelve Tribes of Israel
(Exodus
39, 8–14). As this piece
of Homeric jewellery was
styled after an
Israelite prototype, so the constitution of
the
Ionian Dodecapolis must have had the
federal system of the
Twelve Tribes or
Dodecarchs of Israel as its example,
since
we learn from
Herodotus (Histories, V, 58–61) that
besides
[13]
§
8. The pyramids were built by the people
of
Israel, by its twelve tribes known
as the
Dodecarchs “twelve rulers” or “dynasts”,
whence
the “twelve dynasties” of the pyramid
age, and
after their Exodus at the
end of the twelfth
dynasty no more pyramids were built in
Egypt.22)
This is
confirmed by Josephus Flavius, who
writes
in his Jewish Antiquities (II, 9) that the
people
of Israel suffered from building pyramids
and irrigation
ditches, which fits the description
of the last
pyramids
of the Middle Kingdom in
Fayoum, irrigated by diverting
water from the
Nile into the Baher Youssouf canal.23) Herodotus
––––––––––––––
the ancient Hebrew alphabet many arts and sciences were brought
to
Greece from Phoenicia, which is
Solomonic Israel, whose
Mosaical constitution
Hecataeus of Abdera seems to have held
in high
esteem. The breastplate was given to
Agamemnon by
Cinyras (Hebrew
Kinnor “lyre” or David’s
“harp”), the son of
Apollo (Hebrew
ha-Ba‘al “the husband”) and father of
Adonis
(Hebrew Adon “lord”),
who came from Israel to Cyprus, where
he
founded the city of Paphos.
22) A connection between the “Dodecarchs” of
Herodotus
and
the “twelve dynasties” of Manetho was already suspected
by
Francis Llewellyn Griffith, as quoted
by Armayor (N. 20) p. 62.
23) Comparable to Salton Sea in
the Imperial Valley of
California irrigated by
the Colorado River canal, the Fayoum lake
was created by
making Nile water flow into a natural
sink or
depression below sea level.
[14]
expressly mentions the federal Constitution of
the
Dodecarchs or twelve tribes of the ancient
Republic
of Israel, that was abolished by
the
monarchy of King Solomon, who is known
for
the Brazen Sea in his temple, and for marrying
the
daughter of the King of
Egypt.24)
C. The Hebrew Tradition of
Identifying
Hatshepsut with Solomon’s
Wife,
the
Queen of Sheba
§
9. Under Egyptian inheritance law King
Solomon succeeded
the pharaoh whose daughter
he married, as Joseph or
Imhotep became high
priest of Heliopolis by marrying the daughter
of
––––––––––––––
24) Cf. Herodotus, Histories, II, 151; Ed Metzler,
Roots of
Kabbalah (N. 14) Note 45; and
text accompanying Notes 47–50
infra. According to
Saint Augustine (De Civitate Dei, XVIII,
8)
Moses was a contemporary of Prometheus, to whom Greek
mytho-
logy ascribes the invention of the alphabet and the
formation of
man out of dirt. Both are identical, since
stripping pro-Methe-us
of his Aryan prefix
and suffix, and changing his “th” into
Shin
(below Note 51) yields Mosheh. Hence
the 12 Titans, children of
Heaven and Earth, and the 12 tribes of Israel (Asherah
El) are also
[15]
his predecessor.25) Unlike
Egypt, the people of
Israel have a highly
reliable chronology, because
they have
commemorated their Exodus from
Egypt in
the spring of every subsequent year,
and
counted the years since the foundation
of
their republic.26) The
era of the ancient Republic
of Israel, which
was still in use at the time of
King
Solomon, who began to build
the First
Temple in Jerusalem in the
fourth year of his
reign (961 B. C. E.) or 480 years after the
Exodus
(1441 B. C. E.), is as accurate as
counting the
Greek Olympiads or the years after the foundation
of
Rome. Thus, the end of the pyramid
age
or of the twelfth dynasty
in Egypt must be
dated at 1441 B.
C. E.27)
––––––––––––––
identical, imagined to be giants because of the pyramids they built.
25) On the resulting incestuous marriages cf. Note
48 infra.
26) See Ed Metzler,
Ten Commandments (N. 6) Note 5.
27) The Exodus of the Hebrew slaves took advantage of the
turmoil
created by geological activity such as the volcanic explosion
of the
Greek island of Thera (Santorini) in the
mid-15th century
(1441 B. C. E.) as
well as earthquakes like the one which
raised
the Nilometer at Semna after the
reign of pharaoh Amenemhet III,
that made the
Red Sea crossing of the people of Israel
possible,
cf. Immanuel
Velikovsky, From Exodus
to King Akhnaton
(German 1981) pp.
66 and 67.
[16]
§
10. The Judges of Israel from Moses
to
Samuel are contemporary with the second
inter-
mediate period between the
Middle Kingdom
and the New Kingdom in
Egypt, as proven by
Immanuel Velikovsky.28) The remarkable fact that
Egypt is
not mentioned in the Bible after
the
Exodus, until King Saul defeated the Amalekites
in
the wadi of El Arish (Avaris) on the
border
between Israel and Egypt, is explained by
their
identity with the Hyksos, who terrorized
both
countries from their border capital
during this
period.29)
After the defeat of their mutual enemy,
the New
Kingdom began in Egypt with
the
eighteenth dynasty, while Israel also became
a
monarchy. In this way, Immanuel
Velikovsky
already arrived at identifying Queen
Hatshepsut
––––––––––––––
28) See Immanuel Velikovsky (N. 27)
chapter 2. The final
transformation of
the ancient Israelite republic into a
despotic
monarchy after more than
400 years was due to the fact
that
Israel became too big and ungovernable after the defeat of its
major
enemy, like Rome after the
defeat of Carthage, cf. Ed
Metzler,
Roots of Kabbalah (N. 14) Notes
42 and 43.
29) The Amalekites are descendants of Israel’s twin
brother
(Genesis 36, 12), and their name
‘a-Maleq is a dialectal variant of
Hebrew ha-Malekh
“king”, translated into Egyptian as
“Hyksos”.
[17]
of Egypt with the so-called Queen of
Sheba,
who visited King Solomon in Israel, leaving
open
her relation to his wife.30)
§
11. The so-called Queen of Sheba might
be
the visiting sister of King Solomon’s Egyptian
wife,
as Velikovsky incidentally assumed, –
or
even
be identical with her.31) The
namelessness
of both is incompatible with the
historicity of
the biblical account,
which is turned into an
Arabian fairy-tale by
Christian
and Muslim inter-
pretation.32)
In Jewish tradition Sheba is not
––––––––––––––
30) See Immanuel Velikovsky (N. 27)
chapter 3, who fails
to analyze the
family relationship of both.
Since they were
members of the same
royal family, they must have known
each
other, cf. Ed Metzler, Ten Commandments (N. 6) Note11, where
I
first observed the identity of King
Solomon’s Egyptian wife
with Queen
Hatshepsut of Egypt.
31) In an incidental remark Immanuel Velikovsky,
Peoples
of the Sea (German 1978) p.
129, expresses the view that both
weresisters without giving
reasons for it.
32) Cf. James B.
Pritchard (ed.), Solomon and
Sheba
(London 1974),
Introduction pp. 7 and
12, who calls her
“a
nameless queen of the Arabian kingdom
of Sheba”, whose
namelessness “makes
appropriate the designation of this story
as a fanciful
oriental legend”. However, her apparent namelessness
is
non-existent, if Sheba is
not a geographical term, but her
proper
name, cf. Lou H.
Silberman, The Queen of Sheba
in
Judaic Tradition (Ibid. p.
67). In this case, she is none
other
than King Solomon’s Egyptian wife, whose
introduction by name
must be expected next after
the preceding chapters in the Bible.
[18]
a geographical, but a proper name,
and from
Josephus Flavius we
learn that she was the
ruler of Egypt
and Ethiopia, as Queen Hatshepsut
was.33) Spelling her name
in the ancient Hebrew
alphabet yields the Queen of Sheba (Malkat
Sheba
= Malkah Hatsheba) by elision of the letter
“h”
and faulty separation of
words.34) Her
identity
with the Egyptian wife of King Solomon is
proven
by the fact that she
returned home with her
enormous dowry after
a divorce by consent, for
she did not give birth
to a son.35)
––––––––––––––
33) Cf. Josephus Flavius, Jewish
Antiquities, VIII, 6; and
Immanuel Velikovsky
(N. 27) pp. 118 and 151, who explains
her
Ethiopian name Makeda from
Hatshepsut’s prenomen Maatkare.
34) Her Hebrew name Sheba may also be influenced by
the
triliteral hieroglyph Sheps “noble
seated on chair” in Hatshepsut
reminding ofHebrew Shebet
“sit” and Shabat “rest”.
35) If she had had a
son, the Bible would surely
have
mentioned him as King
Solomon’s successor, but it is
known
that Queen Hatshepsut had only a daughter, see below
Note47.
Her
“gifts” to King Solomon, consisting
of 120 talents of gold
(1. Kings 10,
10 and 2. Chronicles 9, 9), constituted her
dowry.
Otherwise, it would not make sense
why she arrived with a load
of gold
reminiscent of the reserves of an
ancient Fort Knox,
and even less why
she took back “what she had brought to
the
king” (2. Chronicles
9, 12), which is a correct emendation
of
1. Kings 10, 13: Asher Hevi’ah (Natenah) El (be-Yad)
ha-Melekh
(Shelomoh); cf. ha-Ba’
be-Yado “what came into his
hand” in
Genesis 32, 14, and the
manus-marriage in Roman Law with its
in
manum convenire (Gaius, Institutes, I,
108–113).
[19]
D. The Biblical Identification of the Bricks
of the Hawara Pyramid and
the
Fayoum Exodus Route
§
12. The historical identity of the
people
of Israel is tied up with
the Israelite identity of
the pyramid builders. Pre-dating Queen
Hatshepsut
by about five centuries, as well as
the beginning
and end of the pyramid
age before her, is an
anti-Semitic trick
which cheats Israel out of its
history,
discredits the historicity of the Hebrew
Bible,
and transforms it into a book of
religious
fairy-tales, exploited by
theology to promote
anti-Jewish prejudice
and superstition. After all,
modern Egyptology
rests upon the anti-Semitic
writings of
Manetho as adopted by the
church
fathers.36) Its
disorientation extends to both time
––––––––––––––
36) Cf. Immanuel Velikovsky, Peoples of
the Sea (N. 31)
p. 229.
Of course, Manetho avoids
mentioning the name of
Imhotep-Joseph
in connection with pharaoh
Zoser, for which
Wildung (N.8) pp. 88 and
89 finds a good excuse, – or
rather
rationalization. Denying the
existence of Israel in
Egyptian
history from the times
of Joseph and Moses in the
Old and
Middle Kingdom down
to Hatshepsut and the Ptolemies
may
[20]
and place: The land where
Hatshepsut went,
and Imhotep came
from is the land of
Israel,
Canaan or Phoenicia rendered
in Egyptian as
Punt or the Holy Land
of God, but displaced
by Egyptology
into the unexplored wilderness
of the deep
south.37)
§
13. Pyramid building started
out as
public make-work
projects for employing the
famine-stricken population of
Egypt, who received
––––––––––––––
be called the Egyptological
Auschwitz lie in analogy to
the
denial of German neo-Nazis
that Auschwitz ever
happened.
What suits an
anti-Semitic mind is the downfall of
Israel as
mentioned on the
Merneptah stele, being correctly dated
by
Immanuel Velikovsky, Ramses
II and his Time (German
1979)
pp. 210–218, to
the first decades of
the
Babylonian Exile
(ca. 570 B. C. E.),
but generally misdated more than 600
years
earlier, and believed to be the
one
and only mention of Israel
in Egyptian
history. This absurd belief is geopolitical
nonsense,
since desert-surrounded Egypt has always had
Israel as its most
prominenteastern neighbor in peace and
war.
37) Appropriately, this disorientation in
time and place,
which amounts to mental
sickness, was discovered in 1952 by
a
professional psychiatrist, well-versed in
ancient history: the
greatImmanuel Velikovsky, From
Exodus to King Akhnaton
(N. 3)
chapters 3 and 4. Some fifteen years
later, the German
Archaeological Institute in Cairo published a seemingly
exhaustive
monograph
entitled “Punt” by
Rolf Herzog (1968), in
which
Velikovsky’s important thesis that identifies Punt with
Solomonic
Israel (Phoenicia) is simply missing. Both
Velikovsky and Herzog
(pp. 19
and 20) rely on inscriptions clearly
defining Punt as
Egypt’s neighbor to
the east, which can be reached by land and
sea via
Byblos or Elat, and according to Richard Lepsius quoted
[21]
grain rations under a government relief program.38)
Joseph advised
pharaoh Zoser to buy surplus
grain
cheaply during the seven fat years,
and
to sell it with a profit during the seven lean
years.
After the people had
spent all their money,
cattle, and land to buy food
they
sold themselves
into slavery, just to survive.39) In order to keep
this
work-force busy, they were told to transport
stones from one
place to the other, pile them up
at their
destination, and make something
as
useless as bigger graves for their
kings. They
––––––––––––––
by Herzog (p. 31),
there is no doubt that the
Phoenicians
(Latin Poeni or Punici) derive their
name from Punt (Hebrew Put
or Canaan).
Another name for Punt in
Egyptian is T3-NTR
(To-Netzer)
“God’s Land”, a literal
translation of Eretz Israel
(ha-Aretz Asher ha-El, whence
Asherah El and Israel), also trans-
literated into
hieroglyphs as RTNW (Artzenu) “Our Land”,
see
Ed Metzler, Roots of Kabbalah
(N.
14) Note 37.
38) Thedaily ration of grain for a gang (Minyan) of
ten
workmen was an Omer full of ten portions
(Manah), distributed
by their foreman
(El “Sar” or
Shofet “Soped”), cf. Exodus
2,
14 (Sar we-Shofet) and 18, 21–22 (Sarey Assarot
we-Shafetu);
Ed Metzler, Mosaical Metrology (N. 5) p. 16; and
Rosalie David,
The Pyramid Builders of
Ancient Egypt (London 1986) p. 117.
39) As a matter of fact, the grain monopoly that led to
the
centralization of the Egyptian state
was created by collecting
a 20-percent food
tax (Genesis 41, 34–36 and 47, 24–26), which
is,
of course, the cheapest way of “buying”. In the end,
Joseph
had a huge work-force at his command
(Genesis 47, 14–23), that
could be used for pyramid
building.
[22]
even did more useful projects like
the
Baher
Youssouf canal named after
Joseph.40) In
the
course of time pyramids changed, and at the end
of
the Middle Kingdom they were no
longer
made of solid stones.
§
14. The mud-brick pyramids with a lime-
stone casing
on the outside, that were built for
pharaoh
Sesostris II at Illahun, and for pharaoh
Amenemhet
III at Hawara in the oasis of Fayoum,
contain as building materials the same mud
bricks
mixed with straw as the people of Israel produced
before the
Exodus from Egypt (Exodus 1, 14 and
5, 7–19).41) Near the Illahun pyramid, there
was
a walled pyramid-city, and probably another
one
like it near the Hawara
pyramid, which are
identical with
the two Arey Mishkanot
(for
Miskenot) “dwelling
cities” mentioned in the
––––––––––––––
40) On the uselessness
of pyramid building except for
organizing labor and
centralizing government cf. Kurt Mendelssohn,
The Riddle
of the Pyramids (London 1974) pp. 125–8 and
145–9.
41) The Hawara pyramid as measured by Sir Flinders
Petrie
had an angle of around 50
degrees, see Armayor (N. 20) p.
58,
corresponding to a Mosaical pyramid with the length and height
of
the Ark of the Covenant, cf. p.30 infra.
[23]
Bible (Exodus 1, 11), and Fayoum
(Pithom)
may derive its name from
one of them, that
was described by
Herodotus as the labyrinth.42)
Only if
the point of departure was
Fayoum,
does the Exodus route to the Sinai lead
through
the Red Sea, which is no geographical
obstacle
for the different proposed Exodus routes
leaving
from the Nile delta.43)
E. The Adoption of Israelite
Culture
by
Solomon’s Contemporaries in Ugarit
and
Eighteenth-Dynasty Egypt
§
15. In the Solomonic age, the splendor of
Israelite culture set
the standards for neighboring
countries, who adopted its
various aspects, but
––––––––––––––
42) Cf. Rosalie David (N. 38) pp.
37–45 and 189–99. The
pyramid-cities were inhabited by
Hebrew slaves until their Exodus.
43) See already Ed Metzler,
Ten Commandments (N. 6)
Note 36, and below p.31. Before the Exodus God’s name
YaHUH,
occurring 6823 times in the Bible,
was unknown (Ibid. Note 13).
Instead, El Shadday
(Egyptian “Shadtay”), an epithet of the god of
Fayoum was
used, meaning the god of “mounds” or
“pyramids”.
[24]
by antedating King Solomon’s
contemporaries,
especially his wife Queen
Hatshepsut of Egypt
more than five centuries,
Israel was deprived of
its claim to priority.44) That is why it
seemed
unbelievable, when I discovered the Israelite origin
of
the alphabet and the system
of
Mosaical
metrology, for the alphabetical order as
well
as
the Kikar “talent” of 3000 Shekels were
known
from Ugarit, falsely believed to have
flourished
in pre-Israelite Canaan.45) On the other
hand,
since I succeeded in proving with
mathematical
precision that Ugarit adopted its
metrology and
alphabetical order from Solomonic
Israel, both
must be contemporary with each other, and
with
eighteenth-dynasty Egypt.46)
––––––––––––––
44) The Egyptian and Ugaritic imitations of biblical psalms
are
well known, but generally the plagiarists are considered to be
the
authors due to the mistake
in accepted chronology, cf.
Immanuel
Velikovsky (N. 27) pp. 201–7 and 330–2.
45) Doubtless, Ugarit is contemporary with late eighteenth-
dynasty Egypt,
since it figures in the diplomatic correspondence
of the royal
archives of pharaoh Akhnaton, cf. J. A.
Knudtzon,
Die El-Amarna-Tafeln (Leipzig 1915),
misdated from the middle
of the 9th to
the middle of the 14th century B. C. E.
46) See Ed Metzler, Mosaical
Metrology (N. 5) p.21,
and below Notes51 and 52.
[25]
§
16. King Solomon is identical with pharaoh
Thutmosis II,
the husband of Queen Hatshepsut
and father of their only
daughter Nofru-Re, and
of her half-brother pharaoh Thutmosis III,
whom
she was to marry.47) Such an
incestuous marriage
would have offended public policy in Israel,
and
prevented her from marrying the
future king
of Jerusalem.48) This conflict of laws must
have
led to the departure of the so-called
Queen of
Sheba or Hatshepsut, thus
enabling her to rule
Egypt after her separation from
King Solomon,
alias Thutmosis II, who
is conspicuous by his
absence in Egyptian
history.49) After his father’s
––––––––––––––
47) Although she was expected to marry
Thutmosis III,
a son of
Thutmosis II from Hatshepsut’s
maidservant Isis, it
seems that Nofru-Redied in her teens before
legitimizing her
husband’s reign by marriage.
Thus, his claim to the throne did
not depend
on Hatshepsut, but merely on his
descent from
Thutmosis II, – an
immaterial fact under the Egyptian law
of
matrilineal succession.
48) Both children were probably born in Jerusalem during
the years,
when Hatshepsut-Sheba lived there (cf. Note 35 supra).
Her
daughter Nofru-Re was prohibited by
the laws of Israel
(Leviticus 18, 9
and 11; Deuteronomy 27, 22) to marry one
of
her half-brothers in Jerusalem, which
she could do in Egypt,
making him
pharaoh by marriage, see e. g. Kurt
Mendelssohn
(N. 40) pp. 31 and 32.
49) Their separation must have appeared as a
Solomonic
[26]
death, Thutmosis III conquered
Phoenicia or
Solomonic Israel, which included Syria,
Lebanon,
and Jordan, in a war ofsuccession. What
is
described and depicted as Punt or Phoenicia
on
the temples of Hatshepsut
and Thutmosis III
represents Israelite culture
during its golden age,
as seen by
Solomon’s contemporaries.50)
§
17. For geographical reasons Greece and
Ugarit,
which is located on the Syrian
coast
off Cyprus, must have adopted Israelite
culture
at about the same time. The
alphabetical order
was copied by Ugarit and
Greece from Israel,
after it had lost
the “th”-sound at the beginning
of its monarchy in a sound change,
setting Hebrew
––––––––––––––
solution of their problems, since it would
make their children
king and queen of Egypt,
while allowingHatshepsut to be its
de-facto ruler for the next 20 odd years,
protected by her divorced
husband in Israel, whom she
called Amon (Solomon) instead of
his YaHUH-name Jedidiah (2. Samuel
12, 25), and whom Manetho
called Chevron [Hebron] after the former
capital of Judah.
50) Cf. Immanuel
Velikovsky (N. 27) pp. 130–31
and
167–75, who identified on the reliefs in Karnak many
objects of
the spoils from the First Temple (ha-Kelim Asher Bet
YaHUH) in
Jerusalem, such as the Lechem ha-Panim (= Man Lifney
YaHUH)
“shewbread” (1. Kings
7, 48): 30 of gold (600 Shekel)
plus
24 of malachite and one of silver
(500 Shekel), i. e. Tzinah and
Tzintzenet, see Ed Metzler,
Mosaical Metrology (N. 5) Note30.
[27]
apart from other Semitic languages.51) There is
nothing more
Israelite than the Torah of Moses
from
the Sinai on the Tablets of
the
Law,
deposited by King Solomon in the Holy of Holies
of the
First Temple in Jerusalem. In his foreign
trade the
standards of weights and measures
were
determined by these tablets as subdivided
according to
their geometrical properties. The
weight of
one tablet is the Kikar “talent”
of
3000 Shekels or 6000 half-Shekels
“drachmas”,
adopted by Ugarit and
Greece from Israel in
Solomonic or
post-Solomonic times.52)
§
18. As a legal scientist I discovered all
I
wanted to know about the Mosaical Tablets
of
the Law, – their inscription, and the original
––––––––––––––
51) See Ed Metzler, Alphabetical Order
(N. 2) Notes 33
and34; Idem, Ten Commandments
(N. 6) pp. 27, 28 and 31.
The original
alphabet on the Tablets of the Law of the Torah
of
Moses from the Sinai had a special
letter for “th” that I spotted
as Tzadi, which
stood for an “s”-sound by the time Greece and
Ugarit
adopted the alphabet from Israel.
52) On the geometrical properties of the Tablets of the Law
cf. TORAH
OF THE ALPHABET (N. 1) p. 50; and Ed
Metzler,
Mosaical Metrology (N. 5) p.12. The number of 3000 Shekels is
a
multiple of the 150 cubic letter-units of every tablet, equivalent
to the
shewbread (above Note 50) each divided into 20 sub-units.
[28]
alphabet, in which it was written, their geometry,
and their
weights and measures. My
discovery
presented
cogent proof of a cultural reception
by Ugarit
from Israel in the age of King Solomon,
which is, therefore, contemporary with
eighteenth-
dynasty Egypt.53)
Hence a correction of ancient
chronology is
more imperative than ever, dating
the Exodus and
the end of the Middle Kingdom
to the year 1441 B.
C.
E., and thus identifying
the people of
Israel with the pyramid builders.
Their
proletarian revolution brought about the
end
of the pyramid age, and the foundation of
the
ancient Republic of Israel, whose
alphabet
made knowledge available to everybody,
paving
the way for a democratic world.54)
––––––––––––––
53) While the average mistake in accepted
chronology is
some 500 years for eighteenth-dynasty Egypt,
it shrinks to about
350 years towards the end
of the Middle Kingdom, and grows
to
700 or 800 years in the reigns of pharaoh Zoser and
Ramses III,
cf. Immanuel Velikovsky (N.
31) pp. 214–224.
54) The political desirability of the alphabet in a
democracy
was essential to its
introduction at the time of the Exodus
of
the Hebrew slaves from Egypt. Knowledge is power
according to
Francis Bacon, and making it available to everybody as
democratic
as opposing idol worship and
checking authority by experience,
cf. Ed Metzler,
Roots of Kabbalah (N. 14) Note 33.
[29]
APPENDIX
Mosaical Pyramid
[The printed graphics were replaced by their equivalents from this
website]
measuring 2.5 cubits in height as
well as at
the base, dividing
the cubit at the top edge
of one
of the 2 tablets of Moses into 10 equal
parts.
The [blue] pyramid over the same base with
a height of 1.5
cubits has an angle of around
50 degrees, corresponding to
the Hawara pyramid
as measured bySir Flinders Petrie.
[30]
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Archives for Mosaical Metrology and Mosaistics, AMMM Vol. I, No. 5
